TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2021//
TI  - A few bad apples? Racial bias in policing
JO  - American economic review
A1  - Goncalves, Felipe
A1  - Mello, Steven
SP  - 1406
EP  - 1441
VL  - 111
IS  - 5
N2  - We estimate the degree to which individual police officers practice racial discrimination. Using a bunching estimation design and data from the Florida Highway Patrol, we show that minorities are less likely to receive a discount on their speeding tickets than White drivers. Disaggregating this difference to the individual police officer, we estimate that 42 percent of officers practice discrimination. We then apply our officer-level discrimination measures to various policy-relevant questions in the literature. In particular, reassigning officers across locations based on their lenience can effectively reduce the aggregate disparity in treatment.<p />  <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 0002-8282
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181607
ID  - ref1
ER  -