TY  - JOUR
PY  - 2002//
TI  - Computer Modelling of Trans-Shoulder Forces in Motor Vehicle Accidents
JO  - International journal of crashworthiness
A1  - French, HG
A1  - Davis, Hasker P.
SP  - 219
EP  - 231
VL  - 7
IS  - 2
N2  - It is hypothesized that undiagnosed shoulder instability is a major contributor to "whiplash syndrome". The energetics of low to moderate speed rear end collisions were investigated to see if shoulder forces were sufficient to cause structural damage to the glenohumeral ligaments by computer simulation of 16, 24, 32, 40, 48 and 56 kph rear end collisions. Forces at the shoulder can easily exceed 1780 N in collisions over 32 kph. Results of modelling indicate that injuries about the shoulder girdle, including complex instability, should be anticipated following low to moderate speed automobile collisions. Instability associated with MVA's differs both in magnitude and mechanism from the more common sports associated shoulder instability.     <p>Language: en</p>
LA  - en
SN  - 1358-8265
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/
ID  - ref1
ER  -