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Citation |
Twenge JM, Konrath S, Foster JD, Campbell WK, Bushman BJ. J. Pers. 2008; 76(4): 875-902. |
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Copyright |
(Copyright © 2008, John Wiley and Sons) |
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DOI |
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PMID |
unavailable |
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Abstract |
A cross-temporal meta-analysis found that narcissism levels have risen over the generations in 85 samples of American college students who completed the 40-item forced-choice Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) between 1979 and 2006 (total n=16,475). Mean narcissism scores were significantly correlated with year of data collection when weighted by sample size (β=.53, p<.001). Since 1982, NPI scores have increased 0.33 standard deviation. Thus, almost two-thirds of recent college students are above the mean 1979–1985 narcissism score, a 30% increase. The results complement previous studies finding increases in other individualistic traits such as assertiveness, agency, self-esteem, and extraversion. |