Citation

Sunar D. Soc. Personal Psychol. Compass 2009; 3(4): 447-474.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2009, Blackwell Publishing, Publisher John Wiley and Sons)

DOI

10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00191.x

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

To prepare a basis for a new model of morality, theories in the psychology of morality are reviewed, comparing those put forward before and after the emergence of evolutionary psychology in the last quarter of the 20th century. Concepts of embodied sociality and reciprocal moral emotions are introduced. Three 'morality clusters' consisting of relational models (Fiske, 1991), moral domains (Shweder, Much, Mahapatra, & Park, 1997) and reciprocal sets of other-blaming and self-conscious emotions are linked to three evolutionary bases for morality (kin selection, social hierarchy, and reciprocal altruism). Evidence regarding these concepts is marshaled to support the model. The 'morality clusters' are compared with classifications based on Haidt's moral foundations (Haidt & Graham 2007). Further evidence regarding hierarchy based on sexual selection, exchange and reciprocity, moral development, cultural differences and universals, and neurological discoveries, especially mirror neurons, is also discussed.