Citation

Smith MR, Alpert GP. Policing (Bradford) 2000; 23(2): 233-245.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2000, Emerald Group Publishing)

DOI

10.1108/13639510010333859

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

Explores the debate over the safety and efficacy of police use of force tactics in general, and pepper spray in particular. Introduces the force continua, checklists employed by US police forces to prescribe levels of force to be used in particular situations. Reviews the literature, discusses two recent studies and the legal and ethical issues involved. Suggests further research in less-than-lethal weapons.