Citation

Gartner R, Doob AN, Zimring FE. Criminol. Public Policy 2011; 10(2): 291-+.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2011, American Society of Criminology, Publisher John Wiley and Sons)

DOI

10.1111/j.1745-9133.2011.00709.x

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

In 1968, California Governor Ronald Reagan's second year in office, the imprisonment rate in the state's institutions was 146 per 100,000 residents. In 1972, California's state prisons incarcerated 96 prisoners per 100,000 residents - a decrease of 34% and the state's lowest level of imprisonment since at least 1950. This study examines how this reduction was accomplished during the tenure of a governor elected in part because of his tough approach to crime and disorder. We find that the decrease in the prison population resulted from a confluence of events, rather than a single dominant cause, and that this process extended over a period of years, rather than being limited to Reagan's first year or two in office. There are lessons of value in this history for California's and other states' current problems with high imprisonment rates. However, differences in law, in the scale of imprisonment, and in the politics of penality are likely to limit efforts to substantially educe prison populations in California and elsewhere. Policy Implications The growth of the level of imprisonment in the United States, coupled with financial and legal pressures to reduce those levels to something more sensible and financially viable, provides a strong impetus for understanding how imprisonment rates can be controlled. For jurisdictions facing court or financial pressures to reduce imprisonment, successful efforts to lower prison populations, whether in the United States or elsewhere, should be of particular relevance. However, although much has been written about the reasons for the enormous growth in imprisonment in the United States since the mid-1970s, the study of effective ways to limit this growth or reverse it has been described as 'virgin territory.' It is reasonably well established that the size of a jurisdiction's prison population is a function of imprisonment policies rather than crime or arrest rates. Thus, to understand trends in imprisonment rates one needs to examine criminal justice policies that determine who and how many go into prison, how long they stay there, and whether, after release, they are returned to prison if they violate release conditions. It is not, however, the case that reducing imprisonment can be accomplished by simply adjusting one of these levers or reversing one of the policies that led to an increase in imprisonment. California's brief but dramatic experience with decarceration in the late 1960s and early 1970s illustrates these points. The 34% reduction in the state's prison population between 1967 and 1971 - which Governor Reagan celebrated in his second inaugural address - resulted from a number of quite different changes occurring over more or less the same span of time. One factor that was not responsible, however, was crime: Reported crime rates and felony arrest rates were increasing at the same time imprisonment was decreasing. Instead, the reduction was due to (a) a decrease in the probability of a prison sentence (due to a program that subsidized counties for placing offenders on probation rather than sending them to state prison), (b) an increase in the rate of release from prison (due to a decrease in length of time served before parole release), and (c) a decrease in the rate of return to imprisonment as a consequence of parole failure (due to a change in practice by the Adult Authority, California's parole board). Recently, a few states - including New York, Michigan, Oregon, and Colorado - have experimented with policy changes to halt or reverse the growth in their prison populations. Among the reforms tried are elimination of some mandatory minimum sentences, revisions to sentencing laws that return discretion to judges, amendments to truth-in-sentencing laws, and changes in drug policies and laws. Indeed, early in 2010 the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation launched its own reforms to shrink its inmate numbers in response to both a federal court order and a budgetary crisis; among these was the creation of "nonrevocable parole" for low-risk parolees. Unfortunately, most of these efforts have had at best modest effects on prison growth and many have been or are being challenged by public interest groups and politicians. Does the Reagan-era reduction in imprisonment offer any insights into achieving nontrivial reductions in prison populations? In the 1960s and early 1970s, California produced a relatively low-visibility, multiyear program at the state level of government. Major legislative changes were not required, however, multiple changes were. Substantial levels of decarceration cannot be achieved by reducing commitments to prison or increasing parole release or decreasing prison return after parole failure. All three components must happen together to have important effects. That is the first lesson from the Reagan-era episode. The second is that the reduction in imprisonment was the result of a process that extended over a period of years rather than instantly, due to a single policy or procedural change. However, there are now impediments to reform in California (and elsewhere) that did not exist 40 years ago, including a series of changes in (a) the scale of imprisonment, (b) state finances, (c) state-level power to set prison terms, (d) the visibility of penal policy, (e) the relative influence of state administrators and the public on correctional policy, and (f) beliefs about the efficacy of imprisonment. These limit the capacity of a twenty-first century governor to act and alter the publicity and controversy that will accompany any major reduction in imprisonment. Large-scale decarceration is more difficult in 2010 than in the 1960s, although not impossible. Big changes will require visible policy shifts and legislative as well as executive branch participation. The decisions that are the targets for substantial decarceration have not changed since the Reagan years, but the mechanics of achieving shifts involve much more cooperation within and across levels of government.

Language: en