Citation

Ip EJ, Trinh K, Tenerowicz MJ, Pal J, Lindfelt TA, Perry PJ. J. Pharm. Pract. 2014; 28(5): 450-456.

Affiliation

Department of Pharmacy Practice, Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, USA.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2014, SAGE Publishing)

DOI

10.1177/0897190014527319

PMID

24643452

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:To compare and contrast the characteristics of 2 groups of men ≥40 years old: reported anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users and nonusers.

DESIGN:Cross-sectional survey.Setting:Thirty-eight online fitness, weight lifting, bodybuilding, and steroid Web sites.Participants:A total of 67 male AAS users and 76 male nonusers ≥40 years old.Main Outcomes Measured:Demographics, utilization of AAS and other performance-enhancing agents (PEAs), exercise patterns, history of illicit drugs and alcohol use, and psychiatric traits/diagnoses.

RESULTS:The majority of AAS users ≥40 years old were caucasian (92.5%), heterosexual (97.0%), and classified themselves as recreational exercisers (79.1%). AAS users took more PEAs (11.5 ± 5.6 vs 4.6 ± 2.7; P <.001), were more likely to binge drink (47.8% vs 29.0%; P =.025), report heavy alcohol use (21.0% vs 7.9%; P =.031), meet criteria for substance dependence disorder (27.4% vs 4.0%; P <.001), and report an anxiety disorder diagnosis (12.0% vs 2.6%; P =.046) than nonusers.

CONCLUSIONS:AAS misuse is prevalent among older men and is associated with polypharmacy, more aggressive alcohol use, and a higher incidence of substance dependence and anxiety disorders compared to nonusers. This information may help clinicians and researchers identify and develop appropriate intervention strategies for AAS abuse among older men.

Language: en