Citation

Modestino EJ, Blum K, Dennen CA, Downs BW, Bagchi D, Llanos-Gomez L, Elman I, Baron D, Thanos PK, Badgaiyan RD, Braverman ER, Gupta A, Gold MS, Bowirrat A. J. Pers. Med. 2022; 12(12): e1946.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2022, MDPI: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)

DOI

10.3390/jpm12121946

PMID

36556167

PMCID

PMC9784939

Abstract

Scientific studies have provided evidence that there is a relationship between violent and aggressive behaviors and addictions. Genes involved with the reward system, specifically the brain reward cascade (BRC), appear to be associated with various addictions and impulsive, aggressive, and violent behaviors. In our previous research, we examined the Taq A1 allele (variant D2 dopamine receptor gene) and the DAT-40 base repeat (a variant of the dopamine transporter gene) in 11 Caucasian boys at the Brown School in San Marcus, Texas, diagnosed with intermittent explosive disorder. Thirty supernormal controls were screened to exclude several reward-deficit behaviors, including pathological violence, and genotyped for the DRD2 gene. Additionally, 91 controls were screened to exclude ADHD, pathological violence, alcoholism, drug dependence, and tobacco abuse, and their results were compared with DAT1 genotype results. In the schoolboys vs. supercontrols, there was a significant association with the D2 variant and a trend with the dopamine transporter variant.

RESULTS support our hypothesis and the involvement of at least two gene risk alleles with adolescent violent/aggressive behaviors. This study and the research presented in this paper suggest that violent/aggressive behaviors are associated with a greater risk of addiction, mediated via various genes linked to the BRC. This review provides a contributory analysis of how gene polymorphisms, especially those related to the brain reward circuitry, are associated with violent behaviors.

Language: en

Keywords

Dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphism (DRD2); Dopamine homeostasis; Dopamine Transporter Gene (DAT1); GARS; Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) in Adolescence; Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)