Citation

Kennedy B, Golazizian P, Trager J, Atari M, Hoover J, Mostafazadeh Davani A, Dehghani M. PNAS Nexus 2023; 2(7): pgad210.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2023, National Academy of Sciences (USA), Publisher Oxford University Press)

DOI

10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad210

PMID

37441615

PMCID

PMC10335335

Abstract

Humans use language toward hateful ends, inciting violence and genocide, intimidating and denigrating others based on their identity. Despite efforts to better address the language of hate in the public sphere, the psychological processes involved in hateful language remain unclear. In this work, we hypothesize that morality and hate are concomitant in language. In a series of studies, we find evidence in support of this hypothesis using language from a diverse array of contexts, including the use of hateful language in propaganda to inspire genocide (Study 1), hateful slurs as they occur in large text corpora across a multitude of languages (Study 2), and hate speech on social-media platforms (Study 3). In post hoc analyses focusing on particular moral concerns, we found that the type of moral content invoked through hate speech varied by context, with Purity language prominent in hateful propaganda and online hate speech and Loyalty language invoked in hateful slurs across languages. Our findings provide a new psychological lens for understanding hateful language and points to further research into the intersection of morality and hate, with practical implications for mitigating hateful rhetoric online.

Language: en

Keywords

morality; hate; language; moral foundations theory; text analysis