Citation

Artham SM, Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Ventura HO. Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med. 2010; 12(1): 21-35.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2010, Holtzbrinck Springer Nature Publishing Group)

DOI

10.1007/s11936-009-0056-y

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

Opinion statement: Obesity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) disease and contributes markedly to individual CV risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and other chronic conditions, such as osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnea, and physical deconditioning. Obesity, defined as a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in severely obese patients with a body mass index ≥35 kg/m2. Physical activity, healthy eating and behavioral modification are three pivotal approaches to treating obesity. Some individuals may benefit from pharmacologic agents to achieve meaningful weight loss. Unfortunately, there are few such agents at present with proven efficacy and safety profiles. In this review, we discuss the obesity epidemic and its detrimental effects on the CV system, and focus on exercise training and on established pharmacologic agents as well as those on the horizon. We conclude by summarizing the surgical therapeutic options available to treat obesity and the evidence supporting the CV benefits of surgery, and discuss the potential adverse effects of both pharmacologic and surgical options. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Language: en

Keywords

human; suicide; exercise; clinical trial; risk assessment; comorbidity; risk factor; review; obesity; substance abuse; disease association; fenfluramine; weight reduction; fluoxetine; sertraline; unclassified drug; headache; constipation; drug mechanism; drug safety; placebo; seizure; drug cost; drug efficacy; nausea; drug withdrawal; cardiovascular disease; side effect; topiramate; dexfenfluramine; heart rate; dose response; zonisamide; blood pressure; body mass; unspecified side effect; caloric intake; abdominal cramp; drug dose titration; tetrahydrolipstatin; anorexigenic agent; bariatric surgery; stomach bypass; sibutramine; pulmonary hypertension; lifestyle modification; rimonabant; antiobesity agent; phentermine; gastroplasty; contrave; lorcaserin; phentermine plus topiramate; qnexa; amfepramone; gastric banding; abnormal feces; bupropion plus naltrexone; fenfluramine plus phentermine; metreleptin plus pramlintide