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Citation
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Research and Trend Analysis Branch, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Ending Violence Against Women Section, United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment. UN Women. Vienna, Austria: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2022. |
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Abstract
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The title of this research brief refers to the Statistical framework for measuring the gender-related killing of women and
girls (also referred to as “femicide/feminicide”), developed by UNODC and UN Women and approved by the UN Statistical
Commission in March 2022. The term “femicide” in this publication is used to refer to all types of gender-related killings of
women and girls.
Gender-related killings of women and girls: Improving data to improve responses to femicide/feminicide
Publication year: 2022
Violence against women and girls is the most pervasive human rights violation rooted in gender inequality and discrimination, unequal power relations, and harmful social norms. The gender-related killing of women and girls is the most brutal and extreme manifestation of such violence.
With the aim of galvanizing global action against this all-too-pervasive crime, UNODC and UN Women have joined forces to produce this research paper on the global estimates of gender-related killings of women and girls in the private sphere in 2021.
The available evidence shows that there has been too little progress in preventing gender-related killings of women and girls. Concerted, urgent action is needed, to improve the knowledge base and strengthen responses to gender-related killings and other forms of gender-based violence against women and girls.
By ensuring that every victim is counted, we can ensure that perpetrators are held to account and justice is served. By improving understanding of all types of gender-related killings of women and girls, we can strengthen prevention and improve responses.
This paper features policy recommendations to support comprehensive and multisectoral approaches to prevent and address gender-related killings and other forms of gender-based violence against women and girls.
Gender-related killings and other forms of violence against women and girls are not inevitable. They can and must be prevented, through early intervention and multi-stakeholder and multisectoral partnerships—including the partnerships that helped to produce this research paper, which we hope will support more determined action against this crime.
• Globally, an estimated 81,100 women and girls were killed intentionally in 2021. The overall number of female homicides has remained largely unchanged over the past decade. • Most killings of women and girls are gender motivated. In 2021, around 45,000 women and girls worldwide were killed by their intimate partners or other family members. This means that, on average, more than five women or girls are killed every hour by someone in their own family.
• While the overwhelming majority of homicides worldwide are committed against men and boys (81%), women and girls are disproportionately affected by homicidal violence in the private sphere. Approximately 56% of all female homicides are committed by intimate partners or other family members, while only 11% of all male homicides are perpetrated in the private sphere.
• Estimating the global number of gender-related killings of women and girls is challenging and data gaps persist: Of the estimated 81,100 female homicides in 2021, roughly four in ten have no contextual information to allow them to be identified and counted as gender-related killings (femicide/feminicide). Data on gender-related killings committed in the public sphere are particularly scarce, making it difficult to inform prevention policies for these types of killings.
• Between 2010 and 2021, Europe witnessed an average reduction in the number of female intimate partner/family-related homicides (by -19%), albeit with differences across sub-regions and with signs of trend reversals since 2020 in some sub-regions such as Western and Southern Europe. By contrast, the Americas recorded an average increase over the same period (by 6%), with the South American sub-region notably moving in the opposite direction. Limited data availability means that the estimation of over-time trends is not possible in Africa, Asia, and Oceania.
• In Northern America, and to a lesser extent in Western and Southern Europe, the year 2020 was particularly deadly in terms of gender-related killings of women and girls in the private sphere. This may point to a pernicious impact of Covid-19 confinement measures on lethal violence in the private sphere, although other contributing factors cannot be ruled out. Other sub-regions in Europe and the Americas recorded negligible changes or decreases in the number of killings between 2019 and the end of 2020, which suggests that the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic had heterogeneous impacts. The decreases in some sub-regions may reflect delays in recording due to Covid-19 rather than reductions in the number of killings.
• Disaggregated trend data from 25 countries in Europe and the Americas indicate that increases in female homicides in the private sphere at the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic were driven primarily by increases in killings perpetrated by family members other than intimate partners. The increases in female family-related homicides at the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic were larger than any yearly variations observed since 2015. |