Citation

Kessler T, Neumann J, Mummendey A, Berthold A, Schubert T, Waldzus S. Person. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 2010; 36(9): 1213-1224.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2010, SAGE Publishing)

DOI

10.1177/0146167210380603

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

To explain the determinants of negative behavior toward deviants (e.g., punishment), this article examines how people evaluate others on the basis of two types of standards: minimal and maximal. Minimal standards focus on an absolute cutoff point for appropriate behavior; accordingly, the evaluation of others varies dichotomously between acceptable or unacceptable. Maximal standards focus on the degree of deviation from that standard; accordingly, the evaluation of others varies gradually from positive to less positive. This framework leads to the prediction that violation of minimal standards should elicit punishment regardless of the degree of deviation, whereas punishment in response to violations of maximal standards should depend on the degree of deviation. Four studies assessed or manipulated the type of standard and degree of deviation displayed by a target. Results consistently showed the expected interaction between type of standard (minimal and maximal) and degree of deviation on punishment behavior.