Citation

Farrington DP, Jolliffe D. Crime Justice 2005; 33: 41-81.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2005, University of Chicago Press)

DOI

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PMID

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Abstract

Serious property crimes in England and Wales increased from 1981 to 1993 and then decreased, while serious nonlethal violence increased during the entire period 1981-99. Increases in unemployment may have caused increases in property crime rates, and increases in prosperity may have caused increases in nonlethal violence. Increases in the risk of punishment may have caused decreases in crime rates, but increases in the severity of punishment probably did not. Conclusions are tentative because many factors that might possibly influence national crime rates over time could not be measured and controlled for.