Citation

Weathington JM, Arnold AR, Cooke BM. Horm. Behav. 2012; 61(1): 91-99.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2012, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.10.008

PMID

22134008

Abstract

Child abuse is the most significant environmental risk factor for the development of mood disorders, which occur twice as frequently in women as in men. To determine whether juvenile social subjugation (JSS) of rats induces mood disorder-like symptoms, we exposed 28day-old male and female rats to daily aggressive acts from aggressive male residents. Each rat received pins, kicks, and dominance postures from the resident for 10min per day for 10days. When the rats were adults, we tested their anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. In addition, we measured circulating basal and stress-evoked corticosterone (CORT) levels, and weighed the adrenal glands. Although the amount of JSS was indistinguishable between males and females, females were nonetheless more severely affected by the experience. Subjugated females became immobile more quickly during forced swim tests, and made fewer investigatory approaches during the social interaction test than control females. Juvenile social subjugation increased closed arm time in the elevated plus maze of males and females, but the effect of social subjugation was greater in females. Finally, stress-evoked CORT levels were significantly higher, and adrenal gland weights were significantly heavier, in subjugated females relative to their controls and to subjugated males. Our results demonstrate that JSS increases depression- and anxiety-like behaviors and sensitizes the stress response system in a sex-specific manner.

Language: en