Citation

Fralick M, Denny CJ, Redelmeier DA. PLoS One 2013; 8(8): e71689.

Affiliation

Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2013, Public Library of Science)

DOI

10.1371/journal.pone.0071689

PMID

23977112

PMCID

PMC3743751

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Drowning deaths are devastating and preventable. Public perception does not regard hot weather as a common scenario for drowning deaths. The objective of our study was to test the association between hot weather and drowning risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective case-crossover analysis of all unintentional drowning deaths in Ontario, Canada from 1999 to 2009. Demographic data were obtained from the Office of the Chief Coroner. Weather data were obtained from Environment Canada. We used the pair-matched analytic approach for the case-crossover design to contrast the weather on the date of the drowning with the weather at the same location one week prior (control period). RESULTS: We identified 1243 drowning deaths. The mean age was 40 years, 82% were male, and most events (71%) occurred in open water. The pair-matched analytic approach indicated that temperatures exceeding 30°C were associated with a 69% increase in the risk of outdoor drowning (OR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.23-2.25, p = 0.001). For indoor drowning, however, temperatures exceeding 30°C were not associated with a statistically significant increase in the risk of drowning (OR = 1.50, 95% CI 0.53-4.21, p = 0.442). Adult men were specifically prone to drown in hot weather (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.19-2.34, p = 0.003) yet an apparent increase in risk extended to both genders and all age groups. CONCLUSION: Contrary to popular belief, hot weather rather than cold stormy weather increases the risk of drowning. An awareness of this risk might encourage greater use of drowning prevention strategies known to save lives.

Language: en