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Citation
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Shackford SR, Kahl JE, Calvo RY, Kozar RA, Haugen CE, Kaups KL, Willey M, Tibbs BM, Mutto SM, Rizzo AG, Lormel CS, Shackford MC, Burlew CC, Moore EE, Cogbill TH, Kallies KJ, Haan JM, Ward J. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014; 76(2): 347-352. |
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Affiliation
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From the Scripps Mercy Hospital (S.R.S., J.E.K., R.Y.C., M.C.S.), San Diego; and University of California San Francisco/Fresno (K.L.K., M.W.), Fresno, California; University of Texas Houston and Memorial Hermann Hospital (R.A.K., C.E.H.), Houston, Texas; Mercy Hospital (BMT, SMM), Springfield, Missouri; Inova Fairfax Hospital (A.G.R., C.S.L.), Falls Church, Virginia; Denver General Health and University of Colorado (C.C.B., E.E.M.), Denver, Colorado; Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center (T.H.C., K.J.K.), La Crosse, Wisconsin; and Via Christi Hospital (JMH, JW), Wichita, Kansas. |
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Abstract
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BACKGROUND: Gunshot wounds and blast injuries to the face (GSWBIFs) produce complex wounds requiring management by multiple surgical specialties. Previous work is limited to single institution reports with little information on processes of care or outcome. We sought to determine those factors associated with hospital complications and mortality.
METHODS: We performed an 11-year multicenter retrospective cohort analysis of patients sustaining GSWBIF. The face, defined as the area anterior to the external auditory meatuses from the top of the forehead to the chin, was categorized into three zones: I, the chin to the base of the nose; II, the base of the nose to the eyebrows; III, above the brows. We analyzed the effect of multiple factors on outcome.
RESULTS: From January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2010, we treated 720 patients with GSWBIF (539 males, 75%), with a median age of 29 years. The wounding agent was handgun in 41%, explosive (shotgun and blast) in 20%, rifle in 6%, and unknown in 33%. Prehospital or resuscitative phase airway was required in 236 patients (33%). Definitive care was rendered by multiple specialties in 271 patients (38%). Overall, 185 patients died (26%), 146 (79%) within 48 hours. Of the 481 patients hospitalized greater than 48 hours, 184 had at least one complication (38%). Factors significantly associated with any of a total of 207 complications were total number of operations (p < 0.001), Revised Trauma Score (RTS, p < 0.001), and head Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score (p < 0.05). Factors significantly associated with mortality were RTS (p < 0.001), head AIS score (p < 0.001), total number of operations (p < 0.001), and age (p < 0.05). An injury located in Zone III was independently associated with mortality (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: GSWBIFs have high mortality and are associated with significant morbidity. The multispecialty involvement required for definitive care necessitates triage to a trauma center and underscores the need for an organized approach and the development of effective guidelines. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/care management, level III.
Language: en |