Citation

Sikk K, Taba P. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2015; 120: 257-271.

Affiliation

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. Electronic address: pille.taba@kliinikum.ee.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2015, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.002

PMID

26070761

Abstract

Methcathinone abuse is a significant cause of Parkinsonism among young patients in the Eastern European countries. The drug is synthesized from over-the-counter cold remedies containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine. The final mixture contains a high concentration of manganese if potassium permanganate is used as the oxidant agent. Though manganese is an essential trace element and its homeostasis is well maintained, exposure to a high level of manganese is neurotoxic. The use of manganese-contaminated methcathinone may cause permanent neurological damage and severe disability. Drug users develop a distinctive extrapyramidal syndrome that resembles classic manganese intoxication. Methcathinone could have additive neurotoxic effect to the progression of parkinsonism. The most prevalent symptoms are symmetrical bradykinesia, dystonias, and early postural, gait, and speech impairment. After cessation of exposure, the syndrome is generally irreversible and can even progress.

Language: en