Citation

Neugebauer R, Forde A, Fodor KE, Fisher PW, Turner JB, Stehling-Ariza T, Yamabe S. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2018; 206(1): 11-18.

Affiliation

*New York State Psychiatric Institute, Division of Epidemiology; †Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York; ‡Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY; §Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; and ‖Department of Research, Children's Rainbow Center, Yokohama, Japan.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2018, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins)

DOI

10.1097/NMD.0000000000000582

PMID

27660997

Abstract

Whether children or adolescents exhibit higher levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in response to violence is an unresolved research question. We examine this issue in UNICEF's 1995 National Trauma Survey (NTS) of 8-19-year-olds (n = 942) who survived the Rwandan Genocide and lived and attended schools in the community. PTSS were assessed with a symptom checklist based on DSM-IV indexed using an overall score comprising the sum of scores on all items and mean item scores of each of five distinct factors identified in a factor analysis within this sample. Eighty percent of the sample had witnessed massacres; 25%, rape/sexual mutilation. The overall symptom score among children was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than among adolescents. Among the five separate factors, this direct association of age with symptom levels held for two: re-experiencing (p < 0.001) and dysphoric arousal (p < 0.05), but not for the remaining three: avoidance, numbing, and anxious arousal. This discordance in factorial response to violence may help explain prevailing inconsistencies in the age-PTSS association reported to date.

Language: en