Citation

Blanchard DC. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2017; 76: 22-28.

Affiliation

Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, United States. Electronic address: dcb@Hawaii.edu.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.001

PMID

28434585

Abstract

Specific defensive behaviors of rodents are shaped by features of the eliciting threat stimuli and situation. Threat scenarios confirmed these relationships in people, with results substantially replicated in 4 additional scenario studies. Subsequent human studies involve computer games measuring fear as flight from threat stimuli and anxiety as alternation between two threats. Stabilometric studies have shown reduction in sway (freezing) to inescapable (e.g. with gun pointed at subject) threatening photographs; but enhanced lateral sway (flight attempts) to escapable threats; (gun pointed away from subject). Relationships between threat ambiguity, risk assessment, and anxiety have been validated by identification of videos of facial expressions to ambiguous threats, as anxiety; and systematic biases toward threat stimuli by anxious individuals. Enhanced rumination, interpretable as unsuccessful risk assessment, is a dynamic component of both anxiety and depression, particularly in women. While there is less experimental work on defensive threat/attack, a transdiagnostic "Fear of Harm" phenotype of aggression associated with fear suggests that this is a component of pathological as well as normal human defensive behavior.

Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Language: en

Keywords

Animal to human translation; Anxiety; Defensive attack; Defensive behavior; Facial expression; Fear; Flight; Freezing; Risk assessment; Rumination; Threat ambiguity; Threat scenario