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Citation
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Maremmani AGI, Maiello M, Carbone MG, Pallucchini A, Brizzi F, Belcari I, Conversano C, Perugi G, Maremmani I. Compr. Psychiatry 2017; 80: 132-139. |
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Affiliation
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Association for the Application of Neuroscientific Knowledge to Social Aims (AU-CNS), Pietrasanta, Lucca, Italy; G. De Lisio Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Pisa, Italy; Vincent P. Dole Dual Diagnosis Unit, Department of Specialty Medicine, Psychiatric Unit 2, Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: icro.maremmani@med.unipi.it. |
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Abstract
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INTRODUCTION: The severity of emotional responses to life events (PTSD spectrum) as part of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Substance Use Disorder (SUD) patients has often been considered from a unitary perspective. Light has also been shed on the possible definition of a specific psychopathology of SUD patients. This psychopathology has been proved to be independent of treatment choice, of being active in using substances, of lifetime psychiatric comorbidity and primary substance of abuse (heroin, alcohol, cocaine).
METHODS: To further support this unitary perspective, in this study we have compared the severity and typology of the five psychopathological dimensions found in SUD patients, by dividing 93 HUD patients (77.4% males and 22.6% females), characterized by the lifetime absence of exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence, on the basis of the severity of their PTSD spectrum. We used the cut-off that differentiated people developing (High PTSD spectrum; H-PTSD/S) or not developing (Low PTSD spectrum; L-PTSD/S) a PTSD after the earthquake that hit L'Aquila, Italy, in April 2009.
RESULTS: Using a canonical correlation analysis, the significant (p<0.001) canonical variate set-one (psychopathology) is saturated negatively by "panic anxiety" and positively by the "worthlessness-being trapped" and "violence-suicide" dimensions. Set-two (PTSD spectrum) is saturated negatively by "emotional, physical and cognitive responses to loss and traumas", and positively by "grief reactions", "re-experiencing numbing", "arousal symptoms" and "personality traits". When comparing the two groups, all five psychopathological dimensions were significantly more severe in H-PTSD/S patients, who were distinguished by higher values of worthlessness-being trapped, sensitivity-psychoticism and violence-suicide symptomatology. No differences were observed regarding the typology of psychopathology.
CONCLUSIONS: This study further supports the SUD-PTSD spectrum unitary perspective and argues in favor of the inclusion of the PTSD spectrum in the psychopathology of SUD.
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Language: en |