Citation

Strand MC, Mørland J, Slørdal L, Riedel B, Innerdal C, Aamo T, Mathisrud G, Vindenes V. Forensic Sci. Int. 2017; 281: 29-36.

Affiliation

Oslo University Hospital, Department of Forensic Medicine, Oslo, Norway; Center of Drug and Addiction Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: vigvin@ous-hf.no.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2017, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.10.022

PMID

29101905

Abstract

AIMS: Norway has introduced legal concentration limits in blood for 28 non-alcohol drugs in driving under the influence cases. As of 2016 this legislation also regulates the assessment of combined effects of multiple benzodiazepines and opioids. We herein describe the employed methodology for the equivalence tables for concentrations of benzodiazepines/z-hypnotics and opioids implemented in the Norwegian Road Traffic Act.

METHODS: Legislative limits corresponding to impairment at blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) of 0.02%, 0.05% and 0.12% were established for 15 different benzodiazepines and opioids. This was based on a concept of a linear relationship between blood drug concentration and impairment in drug naïve users. Concentration ratios between these drugs were used to establish conversion factors and calculate net impairment using diazepam and morphine equivalents.

RESULTS: Conversion factors were established for 14 benzodiazepines/z-hypnotics (alprazolam, bromazepam, clobazam, clonazepam, etizolam, flunitrazepam, lorazepam, nitrazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, phenazepam, temazepam, zolpidem and zopiclone) and two opioids (methadone and oxycodone).

CONCLUSIONS: Conversion factors to calculate diazepam and morphine equivalents for benzodiazepines/z-hypnotics and selected opioids, respectively, have been operative in the Norwegian Road Traffic Act as of February 2016. Calculated equivalents can be applied by the courts to meter out sanctions.

Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Language: en

Keywords

Benzodiazepines; Conversion factor; DUI; Legal limits; Opioids; Summarization