Citation

Ward N, Gaspar JG, Neider MB, Crowell J, Carbonari R, Kaczmarski H, Ringer RV, Johnson AP, Loschky LC, Kramer AF. Hum. Factors 2018; 60(2): 236-247.

Affiliation

Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2018, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Publisher SAGE Publishing)

DOI

10.1177/0018720817745894

PMID

29241017

Abstract

OBJECTIVE We implemented a gaze-contingent useful field of view paradigm to examine older adult multitasking performance in a simulated driving environment. Background Multitasking refers to the ability to manage multiple simultaneous streams of information. Recent work suggests that multitasking declines with age, yet the mechanisms supporting these declines are still debated. One possible framework to better understand this phenomenon is the useful field of view, or the area in the visual field where information can be attended and processed. In particular, the useful field of view allows for the discrimination of two competing theories of real-time multitasking, a general interference account and a tunneling account.

METHODS Twenty-five older adult subjects completed a useful field of view task that involved discriminating the orientation of lines in gaze-contingent Gabor patches appearing at varying eccentricities (based on distance from the fovea) as they operated a vehicle in a driving simulator. In half of the driving scenarios, subjects also completed an auditory two-back task to manipulate cognitive workload, and during some trials, wind was introduced as a means to alter general driving difficulty.

RESULTS Consistent with prior work, indices of driving performance were sensitive to both wind and workload. Interestingly, we also observed a decline in Gabor patch discrimination accuracy under high cognitive workload regardless of eccentricity, which provides support for a general interference account of multitasking.

CONCLUSION The results showed that our gaze-contingent useful field of view paradigm was able to successfully examine older adult multitasking performance in a simulated driving environment. Application This study represents the first attempt to successfully measure dynamic changes in the useful field of view for older adults completing a multitasking scenario involving driving.

Language: en

Keywords

aging processes; attentional processes; distraction; driver behavior; dual task; gaze-contingent displays; mental workload; simulation and training; task switching; time sharing; useful field of view; working memory