Citation

Greene T, Gelkopf M, Epskamp S, Fried E. Psychol. Med. 2018; 48(14): 2409-2417.

Affiliation

Department of Psychology,University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2018, Cambridge University Press)

DOI

10.1017/S0033291718000351

PMID

29486811

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Conceptualizing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as a dynamic system of causal elements could provide valuable insights into the way that PTSD develops and is maintained in traumatized individuals. We present the first study to apply a multilevel network model to produce an exploratory empirical conceptualization of dynamic networks of PTSD symptoms, using data collected during a period of conflict.

METHODS: Intensive longitudinal assessment data were collected during the Israel-Gaza War in July-August 2014. The final sample (n = 96) comprised a general population sample of Israeli adult civilians exposed to rocket fire. Participants completed twice-daily reports of PTSD symptoms via smartphone for 30 days. We used a multilevel vector auto-regression model to produce contemporaneous and temporal networks, and a partial correlation network model to obtain a between-subjects network.

RESULTS: Multilevel network analysis found strong positive contemporaneous associations between hypervigilance and startle response, avoidance of thoughts and avoidance of reminders, and between flashbacks and emotional reactivity. The temporal network indicated the central role of startle response as a predictor of future PTSD symptomatology, together with restricted affect, blame, negative emotions, and avoidance of thoughts. There were some notable differences between the temporal and contemporaneous networks, including the presence of a number of negative associations, particularly from blame. The between-person network indicated flashbacks and emotional reactivity to be the most central symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests various symptoms that could potentially be driving the development of PTSD. We discuss clinical implications such as identifying particular symptoms as targets for interventions.

Language: en

Keywords

ESM; intensive longitudinal assessment; multilevel VAR; network analysis; posttraumatic stress; trauma; war