Citation

Arambula SE, Reinl E, El Demerdash N, McCarthy MM, Robertson CL. Exp. Neurol. 2019; 317: 168-179.

Affiliation

Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Electronic address: crober48@jhmi.edu.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2019, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.02.016

PMID

30831070

Abstract

The response of the developing brain to traumatic injury is different from the response of the mature, adult brain. There are critical developmental trajectories in the young brain, whereby injury can lead to long term functional abnormalities. Emerging preclinical and clinical literature supports the presence of significant sex differences in both the response to and the recovery from pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). These sex differences are seen at all pediatric ages, including neonates/infants, pre-pubertal children, and adolescents. As importantly, the response to neuroprotective therapies or treatments can differ between male and females subjects. These sex differences can result from several biologic origins, and may manifest differently during the various phases of brain and body development. Recognizing and understanding these potential sex differences is crucial, and should be considered in both preclinical and clinical studies of pediatric TBI.

Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Language: en

Keywords

Cerebral metabolism; Excitotoxicity; Gender; Mitochondria; Neuroinflammation; Sex