Citation

Blum K, Siwicki D, Baron D, Modestino EJ, Badgaiyan RD. J. Syst. Integr. Neurosci. 2018; 4: e1000195.

Affiliation

Department of Psychiatry, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2018, Open Access Text)

DOI

10.15761/JSIN.1000195

PMID

31660252

Abstract

It is well-known that Native Americans (NA) clinically present with a very high rate of alcoholism and other drugs of abuse. It is also known that NA also display a very high rate of suicide compared to other ethnic groups. Furthermore, individuals with various psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression) also have higher rates of suicide that are frequently alcohol related. Males are as much as four times more likely to die from suicide than females. Studies comparing Native to other populations within the same geographic regions in North America divulged, almost universally, that alcohol involvement is higher among Native suicides than among the local, non-Native people. Unfortunately, suicide is the eighth leading cause of death in the U.S. and is the third cause of death in those ages 15-24. With these disappointing statistics, we are hereby proposing that because of such a high genetic risk as supported by the work of Barr and Kidd showing that NA carriers the DRD2 A1 allele at the rate of 86%, compared to a highly screened reward deficiency free control of only 3%. It seems reasonable that early identification, especially in children, be tested with the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) and concomitantly be offered the precision pro-dopamine regulator (KB220PAM), one that matches their unique brain polymorphisms involving serotonergic, endorphinergic, glutaminergic, gabaergic and dopaminergic pathways among others. We believe that using the Precision Addiction Management (PAM) platform at an early age may be prophylactic, while in adults PAM may reduce substance craving affecting tertiary treatment and even relapse and mortality prevention.

Language: en

Keywords

Alcoholism; American Indians; Brain Reward Circuitry; Dopamine; Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS); Pro-dopamine regulation