Citation

Clark JM, Adanty K, Post A, Hoshizaki TB, Clissold J, McGoldrick A, Hill J, Annaidh AN, Gilchrist MD. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2019; ePub(ePub): ePub.

Affiliation

School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin Belfield, Ireland; Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Canada. Electronic address: michael.gilchrist@ucd.ie.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2019, Sports Medicine Australia, Publisher Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/j.jsams.2019.10.006

PMID

31690492

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Equestrian helmets are designed to pass certification standards based on linear drop tests onto rigid steel surfaces. However, concussions in equestrian sports occur most commonly when a rider is thrown off a horse and obliquely impacts a compliant surface such as turf or sand. This paper seeks to elucidate the mechanics of such impacts and thereby propose corresponding thresholds for the occurrence of concussion that can improve equestrian helmet standards and designs.

DESIGN: The present study examined the biomechanics of real-world equestrian accidents and developed thresholds for the occurrence of concussive injury.

METHODS: Twenty-five concussive and 25 non-concussive falls in equestrian sports were reconstructed using a combination of video analysis, computational and physical reconstruction methods. These represented male and female accidents from horse racing and the cross-country phase of eventing.

RESULTS: The resulting thresholds for concussion [59g, 2700rad/s², 28rad/s, 0.24 (MPS), 6.6kPa and 0.27 (CSMD₁₀) for 50% risk] were consistent with those reported in the literature and represent a unique combination of head kinematic thresholds compared to other sports. Current equestrian helmet standards commonly use a threshold of 250g and a linear drop to a steel anvil resulting in less than 15ms impacts. This investigation found that concussive equestrian accidents occurred from oblique impacts to turf or sand with lower magnitude and longer duration impacts (<130g and >20ms). This suggests that current equestrian helmet standards may not adequately represent real-world concussive impact conditions and, consequently, there is an urgent need to assess the protective capacity of equestrian helmets under real-world conditions.

Copyright © 2019 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Language: en

Keywords

Accident reconstruction; Brain injury; Equestrian helmet; Head impact biomechanics