Citation

Anyfantis A, Blionas S. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21(6): e2018.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2021, MDPI: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)

DOI

10.3390/s21062018

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

This work concerns the performance analysis of the sensors contained in a victim detection system. The system is a mobile platform with gas sensors utilized for real time victim localization in urban environments after a disaster has caused the entrapment of people in partially collapsed building structures. The operating principle of the platform is the sampling of air from potential survival spaces (voids) and the measurement of the sampled air's temperature and concentration of CO(2) and O(2). Humans in a survival space are modelled as sources of CO(2) and heat and sinks of O(2). The physical openings of a survival space are modelled as sources of fresh air and sinks of the internal air. These sources and sinks dynamically affect the monitored properties of the air inside a survival space. In this paper, the effects of fresh air sources and internal air sinks are first examined in relation to local weather conditions. Then, the effect of human sources of CO(2) and sinks of O(2) in the space are examined. A model is formulated in order to reliably estimate the concentration of CO(2) and O(2) as a function of time for given reasonable entrapment scenarios. The input parameters are the local weather conditions, the openings of the survival space, and the number and type of entrapped humans. Three different tests successfully verified the presented theoretical estimations. A detection system with gas sensors of specified or measured capabilities, by utilizing this model and based on the expected concentrations, may inform the operator of the minimum required presence of humans in a survival space that can be detected after "some time".

Language: en

Keywords

air exchange; gas sensors; search and rescue; survivor detection