Citation

Bagul TR, Kumar R, Kumar R. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2021; ePub(ePub): ePub.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2021, Holtzbrinck Springer Nature Publishing Group)

DOI

10.1007/s11356-021-14805-6

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

The driving pattern of three-wheeled auto-rickshaws is governed by commuter's demands on certain fixed roads that offer flexible mobility solutions in a mid-size city. This flexibility creates unique driving patterns, frequent stop-and-go conditions, frequent acceleration, braking, and excessive idling, which affect emission rates. Existing emission testing regulation based on the driving cycle does not represent real-world conditions. In this paper, the real-world driving cycle of three-wheeled auto-rickshaw has been developed to provide realistic CO, HC, and NO(X) pollutants and see the effect of introducing modal shift of electric auto-rickshaw to reduce emission for India. Two policy scenarios were evaluated (1) with a 5% modal shift to electric auto-rickshaw, and (2) without modal shift. The results indicate that with a 5% shift to electric auto-rickshaw, by 2030, emissions will decrease by 6.30% compared to the baseline scenario. Further, by 2030, the projected CO emission would be 1,696,670 ton/year, and HC and NO(X) emissions would be 2,067,371 ton/year.

RESULTS can be useful for policy interventions towards cleaner fuel and the aggressive adoption for reducing pollution from auto-rickshaw.

Language: en

Keywords

Driving cycle emission factors; Electric auto-rickshaw modal shift; Emissions; Three-wheeled auto-rickshaw