Citation

Badian Y, Ophir Y, Tikochinski R, Calderon N, Klomek AB, Fruchter E, Reichart R. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2023; 85(1): 23m14962.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2023, Physicians Postgraduate Press)

DOI

10.4088/JCP.23m14962

PMID

38019588

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Suicide, a leading cause of death and a major public health concern, became an even more pressing matter since the emergence of social media two decades ago and, more recently, following the hardships that characterized the COVID-19 crisis. Contemporary studies therefore aim to predict signs of suicide risk from social media using highly advanced artificial intelligence (AI) methods. Indeed, these new AI-based studies managed to break a longstanding prediction ceiling in suicidology; however, they still have principal limitations that prevent their implementation in real-life settings. These include "black box" methodologies, inadequate outcome measures, and scarce research on non-verbal inputs, such as images (despite their popularity today).

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to address these limitations and present an interpretable prediction model of clinically valid suicide risk from images.

METHODS: The data were extracted from a larger dataset from May through June 2018 that was used to predict suicide risk from textual postings. Specifically, the extracted data included a total of 177,220 images that were uploaded by 841 Facebook users who completed a gold-standard suicide scale. The images were represented with CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training), a state-of-the-art deep-learning algorithm, which was utilized, unconventionally, to extract predefined interpretable features (eg, "photo of sad people") that served as inputs to a simple logistic regression model.

RESULTS: The results of this hybrid model that integrated theory-driven features with bottom-up methods indicated high prediction performance that surpassed common deep learning algorithms (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.720, Cohen d = 0.82). Further analyses supported a theory-driven hypothesis that at-risk users would have images with increased negative emotions and decreased belongingness.

CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a first proof that publicly available images can be leveraged to predict validated suicide risk. It also provides simple and flexible strategies that could enhance the development of real-life monitoring tools for suicide.

Language: en