OBJECTIVE: This study examined interactions between parenting beliefs and parenting behaviors in the prediction of early childhood externalizing and internalizing symptoms.
DESIGN: Negative intrusive and sensitive parenting behaviors during infancy and toddlerhood were observed in conjunction with self-reported maternal beliefs about the importance of discipline/control and concerns regarding spoiling in a community sample of 185 African American and European American mother-child dyads. Multiple regression techniques modeled interactions between parenting beliefs and observed behaviors to predict mother-reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms at 30 and 36 months. The analyses also explored the role of ethnicity as a moderator of these relations.
RESULTS: The combination of low and average spoiling beliefs and low levels of sensitive parenting was associated with elevated internalizing symptoms. Negative parenting and beliefs reflecting concerns about spoiling were independent risk factors for elevated externalizing symptoms.
CONCLUSION: Parenting beliefs and behaviors should be considered jointly to identify risks for the development of early behavior problems.